Television is the most important source of news for young people Essay - 2

Television is the most important source of news for young people today. To what extent do you agree - Essay Example Therefore, television is no longer the most important source of news for the young people. This paper will present an argument on the decrease in the number of young television users and how the means of presenting the news have changed. Firstly, the conventional news on the television has become very unpopular among the young people as the number of skeptics has increased. According to recent polls in the United States, only one in every four Americans believes information they see on the main news channels (Dimmick & Hoplamazian, 2011). This is due to the increase in the number of news sources as well as the improvement in communication between different parts of the world making the one sided nature taken by most news channels very obvious and hence tarnishing their credibility among the citizens. More young people are now turning to alternative media for the news which they believe is less biased and has no interest in brainwashing them (McCombs et al., 2011). There is also the fact that the young population is no longer glued on to the television set like in the past decades. The nature of television whereby individuals have to sit and watch programs in a sequential process is no longer popular as the internet gives viewers the ability to access the exact information and program which they wish to view (Dimmick & Hoplamazian, 2011). There are also several other advantages on the internet which has made television a less popular news source. Individuals can follow different events through social networks. The young population today is extremely active on social networks and the application features that are constantly upgraded make these the ideal platforms for relaying news to the community. In fact all news channels have a page on a popular social network such as Facebook, Twitter or instagram. According to studies there are approximately 760 million daily Facebook users (Broersma &Graham,

The Woman Ruler in Queen Elizabeth Essay Example for Free

The Woman Ruler in Queen Elizabeth Essay Elizabeth I is considered as one of successful monarchs in the history of England. The period where she ruled is deemed as England’s Golden Age where extravagance and luxury flourished as expressed in literature through writers like William Shakespeare, and territorial expeditions through explorers like Francis Drake. In other words, there was a breathtaking cultural and political achievement that the England people experience after a century of chaos from a former ruler. This age is always attributed to the reign of Elizabeth I because prior to this, in the sixteenth century, people lived through the ruthlessness of Mary I, Elizabeth’s sister where she prosecuted all Protestants in the country. Elizabeth I became a queen when she inherited her sister’s throne after she died. At the onset, she was confronted by the challenge and opposition of those who thinks that a woman cannot qualify as a monarch. She has proved England and the world that she can and a woman can become a ruler, and successful at that. She is known to be a different kind of queen. She is â€Å"quick-witted, clever and able to use feminine wiles to get her own way. Elizabeth could be as ruthless and calculating as any king before her but at the same time she was vain, sentimental and easily swayed by flattery (Briscoe). † Her brilliance and ability as woman ruler are specifically suggested by her writings and her speeches for the whole of England. As mentioned earlier, there was a contemporary assumption in England that women are naturally incapable of a monarchical rule; Queen Elizabeth established her magisterial authority. She constructed a â€Å"positive representation of feminine power from a melange of popular beliefs about exceptional women, such as her identification with the Virgin Mary (Levin , et al 192). † Elizabeth I as A Powerful Monarch As a queen she had to fulfil responsibilities that were most difficult to fulfil as a woman. But the whole England saw her as having all the dignity and ability as a ruler that resulted a very prosperous and successful reign. When England was being confronted by the forces of King Phillip II of Spain when he decided to attack England and suppressed their engagement in the trade between the New World. He set off the Spanish Armada to meet the British troops. Before the war, Queen Elizabeth I meet the British troops and addressed them a speech that displays optimism and trust of a ruler upon her citizenry. â€Å"My loving people, we have been persuaded by some, that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear; I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good will of my subjects (Speech to the Troops at Tilbury). † Moreover, as a ruler she also displayed her concurrence and selflessness among the British troops when she said â€Å"And therefore I am amongst you at this time, not as for my recreation or sport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you; to lay down, for my God, and for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor, my blood, even the dust (Speech to the Troops at Tilbury). † Despite being a woman, she always asserted her capability to rule as that of equal to men when she said that â€Å"I know I have but a body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart of a king, and of a king of England, too (Speech to the Troops at Tilbury). † This reiterated the fact that even though she is regarded as weak and incapable of ruling the kingdom, that doesn’t decreased her confidence in her ability to successfully rule England. She has proven that beyond doubts in her capability, she remains unafraid in facing everything from great responsibilities as a monarch to battles against the invaders. As a queen, she has nothing in mind but service that would bring England into a status that unimaginable before her reign. Her dedication to her people and her responsible leadership is expressed in her farewell speech to the parliament â€Å"There will never Queen sit in my seat with more zeal to my country, care to my subjects and that will sooner with willingness venture her life for your good and safety than myself. For it is my desire to live nor reign no longer than my life and reign shall be good for you. And though you have had, and may have, many princes more mighty and wise sitting in this seat, yet you never had nor shall have, any that will be more careful than loving (The Farewell Speech). † Queen Elizabeth as a Religious Leader While there were many chaos regarding the two opposing forces of Catholicism and Protestantism, Queen Elizabeth made little modification than what she was expected. What she did was just to imposed that prayers and services be rendered in English rather than in Latin. Moreover, she wanted that the Church be under the English Monarch, therefore establishing herself as a religious reader. While she acknowledges the Almighty God’s power as always reiterated in her farewell speech â€Å"Neither do I desire to live longer days than I may see your prosperity and that is what my only desire. And as I am that person still yet, under God, hath delivered you and so I trust by the almighty power of God that I shall be his instrument to preserve you from every peril, dishounour, shame, tyranny, and oppression, partly by means of your intended helps which we take very acceptably because it manisfesteth the largeness of your good loves and loyalties unto your sovereign (Farewell Speech),† she nevertheless want that the government will prevail over religion. Queen Elizabeth as Chaste and Virgin While most of her people and members of the Court persuaded her to marry and begot a child to become the heir of the throne when she dies, she remained unmarried throughout her lifetime. Moreover, she also had several suitors from different parts of England and the world such as France, Spain, Scotland, Sweden, and the Roman Empire. She has remained unmarried because she believes that marriage is not the best for her and for England. In her response to the proposal of Erik of Sweden she said that â€Å"And while we perceive there from that the zeal and love of your mind towards us is not diminished, yet in part we are grieved that we cannot gratify your Serene Highness with the same kind of affection. And that indeed does not happen because we doubt in any way of your love and honour, but, as often we have testified both in words and writing, that we have never yet conceived a feeling of that kind of affection towards anyone (Response to Erik of Sweden’s Proposal). † One by one, she rejected all her potential husbands not on the man’s weaknesses but based on her adverse thoughts and principles on the consept of marriage. In her refusal to marry and secure the line of the Tudor, she was regarded as a capricious woman insensitive of England’s welfare and future. When she was being pressured by the Parliament to marry before her reign ends, she replied â€Å" now that the Publick Care of governing the Kingdom is laid upon me, to draw upon me also the Cares of marriage may seem a point of inconsiderate Folly. Yea, to satisfie you, I have already joyned myself in marriage to an Husband, namely, the Kingdom of England And to me it shall be a Full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a Virgin, and died a Virgin (Response to Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage, 1559). † Throughout her lifetime, she has proven to be a Queen that receives full credit for such a successful and prosperous reign that made England in the pinnacle of greatness in the world. Works Cited Briscoe, Alexandre. â€Å"Elizabeth I: An Overview†. BBC History. 01 October 2008. http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01. shtml â€Å"The Farewell Speech†. Modern History Sourcebook:Queen Elizabeth I of England (b. 1533, r. 1558-1603) Selected Writing and Speeches. 01 October 2008. http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1. html#Response%20to%20Erik%20of%20Sweden%27s%20Proposal Levin, Carole, Carney, Jo Eldridge, et al. Elizabeth I: Always Her Own Free Woman London: Ashgate Publishing, 2003. â€Å"Response to Erik of Sweden’s Proposal†. Modern History Sourcebook:Queen Elizabeth I of England (b. 1533, r. 1558-1603) Selected Writing and Speeches. 01 October 2008. http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1. html#Response%20to%20Erik%20of%20Sweden%27s%20Proposal â€Å"Response to a Parliamentary Delegation on Her Marriage, 1559†. Modern History Sourcebook:Queen Elizabeth I of England (b. 1533, r. 1558-1603) Selected Writing and Speeches. 01 October 2008. http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1. html#Response%20to%20Erik%20of%20Sweden%27s%20Proposal â€Å"Speech to the Troops at Tilbury†. Modern History Sourcebook: Queen Elizabeth I of England (b. 1533, r. 1558-1603) Selected Writing and Speeches. 01 October 2008. http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/elizabeth1. html#Response%20to%20Erik%20of%20Sweden%27s%20Proposal

Acute On Chronic Cholecystitis Attributed To Cholelithiasis Figure Biology Essay

Acute On Chronic Cholecystitis Attributed To Cholelithiasis Figure Biology Essay Figure 1 displays an acutely inflamed gall bladder (Cholecystitis) specimen. There are several gross features associated with acute cholecystitis; most apparent is the cholesterol stones filling the fundus and neck regions of the gallbladder (Cholelithiasis). The stones sizes suggest the chronic nature of pathogenesis, and their off-white colour indicates high proportions of calcium and phosphate salts (1). Further morphology relevant to the pathology is that the gallbladder is enlarged, with thick walls. This specimen is 15cm long, 5 cm wide, and its walls are about 1cm thick (compared to the usual dimensions of 7-10cm, 2.5cm, and 3mm respectively (2)). This owes to both the effects of acute and chronic inflammation; the thick, fibrous wall is indicative of a history of previous inflammatory episodes (due to intermittent oedema, fibrosis and leukocyte infiltration of the tissue layers). There are also the acute signs of red-grey blotchy discolouration due to a mixture of necrosis an d haemorrhage, in the mucosal and submucosal layers (1). Expected Microscopic Appearance: A biopsy of the specimen would include all the signs of acute (and chronic to a lesser extent) inflammation. Extensive fibrosis (formation of collagen fibres) will be the key visible feature, as well as amounts of fibrous scar tissue from previous healing. Leukocytes (mostly neutrophils and lymphocytes) will be seen infiltrating the mucosal and sub-serosal layers, as well as a small amount of monocytes. The mucosa will be atrophic (flattened) as a result of the inflammation, but there will also be proliferation of the epithelial cells in an attempt to repair itself. Some sections of mucosal folds may even fuse to form distinctive buried crypts of epithelium which lie below the mucosa, called Rokitansky Aschoff sinuses. Dilation of blood vessels and some haemorrhage (scattered erythrocytes) should also be visible (1). Pathogenesis Cholecystitis is intimately linked with gallstone (cholelith) formation (an estimated 90% of cases occur due to cystic duct/gallbladder neck obstruction by cholelithiasis (2)) and thus an understanding of the pathogenesis for cholelith formation is relevant. Figure 2: General risk factors contributing to gallstones 1 recent discovery; gene for ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (1) (see text)The major prerequisite for cholesterol gallstones is an imbalance of cholesterol and bile salt levels in the biliary secretions specifically, excess cholesterol (1). Figure 2 mentions some of the main risk factors that contribute to this. Oestrogens increase cholesterol uptake in liver as well as synthesis by increasing the amount of hepatic lipoprotein receptors and by increasing activity of HMG-CoA reductase enzymes (key regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis). Blood cholesterol lowering drugs have a similar effect on these enzymes, in addition to reducing cholesterol conversion to bile. Recent studies have shown that having a certain variant (D19H) of ABCG5 and ABG2 genes coding for ATP-binding cassette transporters adds further risk for gallstones, because it biosynthesises more cholesterol (1). Once cholesterol concentrations are too high for bile salts and phospholipids to accommodate (supersaturation), the cholesterol nucleates into solid plate-like crystals (cholesterol monohydrate). These are formed more frequently when there is decreased contractility or movement of the gall bladder (gallbladder stasis) as well as high secretions of mucus. Finally, the prolonged simultaneous occurrence of all of these conditions causes the crystals to aggregate further into macroscopic cholesterol stones, such as in Figure 1 (3). Figure 3: Key events leading up to inflammation of the gallbladder. Note: Red arrows showing secondary events that occur later on.Acute cholecystitis nearly always results from gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct (1, 4). Obstruction at the neck raises the pressure within the lumen, resulting in three things; venous congestion, reduced lymphatic drainage, and decreased blood supply. The walls of the gallbladder then release prostaglandins (E2 and I2) to bring on inflammation. Lysosomic phospholipases released from cell injury hydrolyse biliary lecithins to lysolecithins (toxic) these create further injury by disrupting the mucosal protective glycoprotein barrier and allowing bile salt damage at exposed areas (1). Figure 3 summarises these events. Note that bacterial infection can occur later on (4). Clinical Features Symptoms and Signs: Most patients present with sudden onset of right upper quadrant (RUQ) or epigastric pain, as well as a history of previous episodes of pain (4). Intolerance for fatty foods, anorexia, vomiting, and tachycardia are the usual signs associated with acute cholecystitis. Leukocytosis may be present, and hyperbilirubinemia indicates obstruction of the common bile duct (1). Palpable tenderness and a positive Murphy sign (during inspiration gallbladder is palpable and patient winces from pain) confirms cholecystitis (3). Methods of investigating patient: Ultrasound (US) is the ideal and preferred imaging technique for diagnosing acute calculous (presence of gallstones) cholecystitis, owing to its sensitivity of 80-100%. However, US is less effective for obese patients, and new studies show that recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (hardware, software, and contrast media) have made it the most accurate imaging technique for the gallbladder (with a sensitivity of 95% (2)). General approaches to treatment: Upon confirmed diagnosis, patients will firstly be given fluid resuscitation, analgesics, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy is the standard definitive management for acute calculous cholecystitis, and is proven to be effective (4). This is now performed preferably within 12-24 hours (decreasing risk of complications), rather than the previous practise of waiting up to 3 days for inflammation to subside before surgery (2). Often, surgeons will need to change their procedure to an open cholecystectomy; especially when there is uncertainty of the anatomical variants of a patient (4). Features bearing on prognosis: The work of Gurusamy K. et al. [5] has found that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is generally very safe. Potential complications include bile duct injury (potentially fatal), infection, and bile leakage, but this affected only 1 of 222 study participants (0.5%). The average hospital stay was 4-7 days, and time needed for full recovery ranged from 15-26 days. Apart from this, quality of life is not reduced [5].

Discrimination Concerns in a Business Environment

Discrimination Concerns in a Business Environment Organisational policies and procedures Legal compliance Direct Discrimination Direct discrimination consists of treating a person less favourably than others are or would be treated, on the grounds of race, sex, disability, religion or belief, and sexual orientation. Indirect Discrimination This includes practices which look fair but have discriminatory side effects, which may or may not be intended. Harassment Harassment of individuals related to their sex, race, disability, religion or belief, or sexual orientation is regarded as a form of discrimination, and is therefore illegal. Harassment is defined as: â€Å"Unwanted conduct related to any of the grounds covered by the legislation which takes place with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person and/or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment.† Victimisation Victimisation occurs when an individual is adversely treated because they have made a complaint of discrimination or harassment, or provided evidence in such a case Organizations are legally required to follow a set of practices to ensure discrimination is eradicated and expectations of equality are met in the workplace. 1970 The Equal Pay Act (EPA) (as amended), makes it unlawful for employers to discriminate between men and women in terms of their pay and conditions (including pay, holiday entitlement, pension etc) where they are doing the same or similar work; work rated as equivalent; or work of equal value. 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act (SDA) (as amended), makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sex or marital status in areas such as employment, education and the provision of goods and services. 1976 The Race Relations Act (RRA) (as amended) makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of colour, race, and nationality, ethnic or national origin. The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 outlaws discrimination in all public authority functions, and places a general duty on public authorities to promote race equality and good race relations. There is also a specific duty to produce a Race Equality Policy and undertake race equality impact assessments. 1995 The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) (as amended) makes it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of disability in the areas of employment, the provision of goods and services and education. The 2005 Regulations provide new definitions of direct discrimination and harassment and widen the duty to make reasonable adjustments. 1996 The Employment Rights Act (as amended by the Employment Relations Act 1999) covers many issues including an employee’s entitlement to maternity leave, paternity leave, adoption leave, parental leave and the right to request flexible working arrangements. It also outlaws detriment in employment and affords employees a right not to be unfairly dismissed and to receive a redundancy payment (providing qualifying criteria are met). Further Regulations elaborate on these. 1997 The Protection from Harassment Act makes harassment both a civil tort and criminal offence, and although originally drafted to provide protection from stalking, covers other forms of harassment, both in and out of the workplace. 1999 The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate against a person for the purpose of employment or vocational training on the ground that that person intends to undergo, is undergoing, or has at some time in the past undergone gender reassignment. In particular, the Regulations give transsexuals the right to be protected from direct discrimination. 2001 The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA) extends the DDA (1995) to include the provision education (including Higher Education). It makes it illegal to discriminate in the provision of education on the grounds of a student’s disability. It is now largely incorporated within the DDA (2005). 2002 The Employment Act makes provision for rights to paternity and adoption leave and pay; amends the law relating to statutory maternity leave and pay; makes provision for the use of statutory procedures in relation to employment disputes; and covers the right to request flexible working. 2003 The Employment Equality (Religion and Belief) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of religion or religious belief in employment and vocational training. 2003 The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation in employment and vocational training. The Regulations protect homosexuals, heterosexuals and bisexuals. 2004 The Gender Recognition Act 2004 gives legal recognition to a transsexual’s acquired gender. For example, a male-to-female transsexual will be legally recognised as a woman in English law. 2005  Disability Discrimination Act makes substantial amendments to the 1995 Act. It introduces a duty on all public bodies to promote equality of opportunity for disabled people. In particular, public bodies have to produce a Disability Equality Scheme to promote disability and to explain how they intend to fulfil the duty to promote equality. 2005 The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations are concerned with the principle of equal treatment of men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions. It makes changes to the definition of harassment at work and indirect discrimination, and also prohibits discrimination on the grounds of pregnancy and maternity leave. 2006 The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations make it unlawful to discriminate against employees, job seekers or trainees on grounds of age in employment and vocational training. They prohibit direct and indirect discrimination, victimisation, instructions to discriminate and harassment. They introduce a minimum retirement age of 65; a duty on employers to respond to requests to work beyond retirement age; and remove the upper age limit for claiming a redundancy payment or unfair dismissal. 2006 The Equality Act makes provision for the establishment of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) by merging the Equal Opportunities Commission, the Commission for Racial Equality and the Disability Rights Commission. The EHRC is responsible for promoting equality and diversity and will work towards eliminating discrimination on the usual grounds (including religion and belief, sexual orientation, age, gender, disability, race and gender reassignment 2007 The Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007 make it unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of sexual orientation in the provision of goods, facilities and services, education, disposal and management of premises and the exercise of public functions. Meeting Organisational Aims and Commitment Elements which lead to people’s commitment: 1. Commitment is an  attitude Commitment is an  attitude  a psychological frame of mind which motivates people to work towards certain goals. Managers can train employees with new skills and impart them with new knowledge but quite often than not they find it extremely difficult to effect changes in people’s attitude. 2. Use of resources Committed people commit their total resources, which include going extra mile for achieving goals assigned to them. 3. Achievement  of goals Committed people not only work hard but also are also smart enough to know the ultimate results, which are expected of them. Commitment thus means striving till the  achievement  of ultimate goals. Writing Equality and Diversity Policies A good policy will be split into these sections: A statement of intent This spells out organisational commitment to equality and diversity in terms of opportunity and access, and your commitment to tackle discrimination. A purpose This explains why your organisation is writing and adopting the policy. Your organisation may wish to refer to and recognise issues of specific discrimination or refer to any specific research related to your organisation. A commitment to action Your organisation needs to list what steps it will take to ensure that its intentions and purpose are reflected in the way the organisation plans action, makes decisions, recruits staff and volunteers, delivers services and supports staff and volunteers and service users. There should be a statement about positive action to tackle under- representation in this section. A review of the legal requirements Your organisation needs to describe how this legislation relates to your work and what steps you intend to take to ensure you meet the appropriate legal requirements Discrimination, harassment and victimisation The policy needs to define direct and indirect discrimination (including discrimination by association and by perception), harassment and victimisation, all of which need to be tackled in the policy through statements committing the organisation to action. Implementation and communication Your organisation needs to explain how the policy will be put into practice and how it will be communicated to all staff, volunteers and service users. Monitoring and evaluation Your organisation needs to describe how the policy will be monitored and evaluated and who will be responsible for that work. Your organisation needs to state how long the policy will be in existence and when it will be subject to review. Complaints or grievance and disciplinary procedures Your organisation needs to make clear how complaints and disciplinary action can be triggered by actions contrary to the policy, how appeals can be made, who is responsible, and how matters are resolved. An action plan Finally, you need to write an action plan. This will include objectives with clear outcomes, stating who is responsible for each objective, what resources are in place, when each target will be met and what evidence the organisation can provide to show the outcomes have been met. References Improving Equality and Diversity in Your Organisation: A Guide for Third Sector CEOs. Retrieved from http://www.gadnetwork.org.uk/storage/ACEVO%202011%20Improving%20Equality%20and%20Diversity%20in%20Your%20Organisation%20-%20A%20guide%20for%20Third%20Sector%20CEOs.pdf Delivering Equality and Diversity. Retrieved from http://www.acas.org.uk/media/pdf/l/e/Acas_Delivering_Equality_and_Diversity_(Nov_11)-accessible-version-Apr-2012.pdf Retrieved from http://www.businessballs.com/equality.htm Legal Services Commission Equality and Diversity Guidance 2013.Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legal-aid/civil-contracts/equality-diversity-guidance-for-providers.pdf Retrieved from http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/ACHIEVING_EXCELLENCE_THROUGH_TOTAL_COMMITMENT.html Retrieved from www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded/publication_1668.doc‎

Descriptive Statistics: Raw Data Essay -- Data Analysis, Standard Dev

Several things can be done to the raw data in order to see what they can say about the hypotheses (Neuman, 2003). An inspection of the raw data can be done by using the descriptive statistics to find obvious coding errors. The minimum and maximum values for each variable must fall within the admissible range. Pairwise correlations depict that all relationships must be in the expected direction. Meanwhile, listwise deletion of missing values indicates that the data can be used for analysis. An outlier is an observation that is unusually small or large. Outliers assist researchers in detecting coding errors. According to Bagozzi and Baumgartner (1994), outliers are not recommended to be routinely excluded from further analysis. Data collected were analyzed by using three approaches: 1. Cronbach’s alpha (a) was used to test the reliability. Cronbach’s alpha indicates how well the items in a set are positively correlated to one another. This is to make sure that the scales are free of random or unstable errors and produce consistent results over time (Cooper & Schindler, 1998); 2. Descriptive statistics where the researcher used mean, standard deviation and variance to get an idea on how the respondents reacted to the items in the questionnaire. The major concern of descriptive statistics is to present information in a convenient, usable and understandable form (Runyon & Audry, 1980). Descriptive summary, including frequency and descriptive, was used to screen the data set. Among basic statistics to use were mean, median, mode, sum, variance, range, minimum, maximum, skewness and kurtosis. 3. Inferential statistics concerned with generalizing from a sample to make estimates and inferences about a wider population (Neuman, 2003... ....e. more than 30 (Hair et al., 2006). Sekaran (2003) suggests the approximation to normality of the observed variables could be investigated by inspecting the data through histograms, stem-and leaf displays, probit plots and by computing univariate and multivariate measures of skewness and kurtosis. Histograms, stem-and-leaf and probit plots indicate the symmetric distribution of variables or sets of variables. Tabachnick and Fidell (1996) suggest the value of skewness and kurtosis is equal to zero if the distribution of a variable is normal. Chou and Bentler (1995) emphases the absolute values of univariate skewness indices greater than 3 can be described as extremely skewed. Meanwhile, a threshold value of kurtosis greater than 10 can be considered problematic and value greater than 20 can be considered as having serious problems (Hoyle, 1995; Kline, 1998).

Simon Armitageremains Poetry :: Slavery Judgement Poems Branding Essays

Simon Armitageremains' Poetry In this poem the person talks about:'' I am very bothered when I think of the bad things I have done in my life''. He talks about all the bad things he has done in his life with he now regrets. This is also similar to ''poem'' they both share the same theme of looking back. He talks about when he likes a particular girls a lot. So he ''held the scissors by the blades'' and ''played the handles by the naked lilac flame of the Bunsen burner''. Then he called her over and handed them to the girl. The heat of it ''branded'' her skin. He then shows regret towards the end: ''don't believe me if I say. That was just my Butterfingered way at thirteen of asking if you would marry me''. The poem uses very childlike language of such as ''butterfingerd'' to reflect the childlike qualities and immaturity of the persona. . In stanza two the persona uses a metaphor for marriage's the unrivalled stench of branded skin as you slipped your thumb and middle finger I, they couldn't shake off the two burning ring. Marked the doctor said for eternity'', this is saying that he was immature. He uses the word ''eternity'' because it is a way to show ever lasting love. In slavery times branding was a form of marking of property and making sure that that particular slave was marked there property. A very old fashioned view of marriage is that women become the property of there husbands many civilizations practiced this such as the: Greeks and Egyptians. This is why the word ''branded is used. He even goes on to say: '' Don't believe me, please if I say that was just my butterfingerd way at thirteen of asking If you would marry me''.. He is saying that his immaturity stopped him from reacting to the situation at hand in a more adult fashion and not hurting some one in the process. The poem is very much talking about love and fear of rejection. The theme of the poem is about childhood and regret. The persona is very much in love. The poem is written in a sonnet a traditional way of structuring a love poem. The poetic devices the persona uses is convey meaning to me because the words are descriptive and have rhyme and rhythm. Also it occurs quite strongly, in the mid line. In stanza one it is about the persona introducing the theme of the poem. The theme of the poem is on the subject of regret: ''I am very bothered when I think of all the bad things I have done in my life''

Analyzing Notes of a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwin

Analyzing â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† James Baldwin is a highly renowned African-American essay writer who is best known for his ability to interweave narrative and argument into concise well-written essays. He had his first book published at the early age of 19 and has published some astounding literature during the time of civil rights activism. He succeeded himself to rise out of his poverty to become an amazing writer through self-determination and courage. In his essay entitled, â€Å"Notes of a Native Son†, Baldwin does an excellent job making use of binaries and repetition of words and phrases as well as switching back and forth from narrative to analysis. He also cleverly connects his progressively raising maturity and understanding of the world to the unique style in which Baldwin writes throughout his work. We will now dissect this essay and see how Baldwin uses special writing techniques to make for a very powerful and meaningful composition. The essay starts strongly with Baldwin providing insightful narrative in order to set the stage of his writing. By the second page of his essay, Baldwin has already developed his first binary. He emphasizes the black/white relationship. He continually refers to the â€Å"blackness† of his father and how his father was a proud, beautiful and powerful black man in his day (Baldwin 64). He then tells of his discovery of how â€Å"white people† helped to kill his father (65). Soon after, Baldwin addresses another binary, this one being life and death. His mother realizes that it was James’ father who â€Å"kept the family alive† (66). All the while, Baldwin’s father is slowly dying. Another example of the life/death binary occurs when Baldwin acknowledges that his â€Å"father had spent too much of his ener... ...ather really is as a person and is ready to express his inner feelings to his father. At the end of the essay, a strong message is conveyed. Baldwin learns that love, which is synonymous to his constant use of the word hatred, must prevail and that with love, acceptance and equal power can finally be attained (84). He also says that bitterness is pointless and that life and death are far more important and significant than the black/white power struggle. The end of the essay closes gracefully because Baldwin has now revealed the use of his writing techniques of â€Å"Notes of the Native Son† and he has also fully matured and is now able to see his father in a positive light for the very first time in his life. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.